Original article / research
Year :
2021 |
Month :
July
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Volume :
10 |
Issue :
3 |
Page :
PO34 - PO37 |
Full Version
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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Thyroid Lesions in a Tertiary Care Hospital Catering Predominantly the Tribal Population: Special Reference to Autoimmune Thyroiditis
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Riya Mondal, Biplab Kumar Biswas, Phalguni Chakrabarti, Purnendu Mandal 1. Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
2. Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
4. Senior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
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Correspondence
Address :
Riya Mondal, Biplab Kumar Biswas, Phalguni Chakrabarti, Purnendu Mandal, Purnendu Mandal,
Khudiram Sarani, P.O Kenduadihi, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
E-mail: bmpurnendu619@gmail.com
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| ABSTRACT | | : Introduction: The most common organ specific autoimmune disorder resulting in thyroid dysfunction is Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AITD). Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is the most sensitive and most specific test for diagnosis of all clinically detectable thyroid lesions. But estimation of serum level of thyroid autoantibodies is necessary for the confirmation of AITD. In India, there are only few numbers of studies related to FNAC of thyroid lesions. There is also lack of convincing data regarding AITD in tribal populations in rural Bengal.
Aim: To analyse FNAC of the thyroid lesions especially in respect to AITD among the tribal populations with biochemical and immunological parameters.
Materials and Methods: The prospective observational study was done from January 2017-December 2018, in Department of Cytopathology and Biochemistry of BSMC, Bankura, India. Total 927 cases of thyroid lesions were diagnosed and classified. They were further associate biochemically and immunologically for the diagnosis of AITD. Data has been analysed in Microsoft Excel 2013 and with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. Agreement measure has been calculated using Cohen’s kappa coefficient statistical test.
Results: Total 432 (46.6%) cases were diagnosed as colloid goitre, adenomatoid goitre was present in 132 (14.24%), malignancy was suspected in 84 (9%) patients, malignancy was present in 159 (17.15%) patients and lastly 120 (12.95%) cases were diagnosed as AITD cytologically. Among the cytologically diagnosed cases of AITD, number of female patients were 102 (85%), and maximum patients were hypothyroid. Among cytologically diagnosed cases of AITD, 113 (94%) patients were found biochemically positive for autoimmunity. The kappa values for FNAC vs anti-Thyroglobulin (TG) and FNAC vs anti-Thyroperoxidase (TPO), analysed, came to 0.74 for both, (p-value <0.0001) denoting substantial agreement (0.61-0.82).
Conclusion: FNAC is a sensitive, specific, and accurate initial diagnostic test for evaluation of patients with thyroid swellings. AITD is the most common autoimmune disease affecting mainly the middle aged women. Antithyroid antibodies are good markers for the assessment of thyroid autoimmunity. Anti Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) antibody is highly specific for AITD. |
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Keywords
: Antithyroid antibody, Cytopathology, Thyroid peroxidase |
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DOI and Others
: 10.7860/NJLM/2021/47588:2507
Date of Submission: Nov 02, 2020
Date of Peer Review: Dec 31, 2020
Date of Acceptance: Mar 25, 2021
Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2021
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Nov 04, 2020
• Manual Googling: Mar 20, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Apr 23, 2021 (15%)
Etymology: Author Origin |
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INTRODUCTION |
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Thyroid gland is one of the most important endocrine organs secreting active hormones influencing diverse metabolic functions (1). Goiter, enlargement of thyroid gland, may be diffuse or nodular due to impaired hormone synthesis (2). AITD is the most common organ specific autoimmune disorder usually present clinically as thyroid dysfunction (hyperfunction, hypofunction or both) (3). Both humoral and cellular mechanism is responsible for AITD. Circulating autoantibodies exist against thyroglobulin and other follicular cell antigens, notably thyrotropin (TSH) receptors (TSHR). Evidence suggests that AITD is under influence of multiple genes, is multifactorial (4).
In spite of widespread national salt iodisation programme, endemic goitre remains highly prevalent health problem (5). The genetic predisposition of the Indian population may be the cause behind development of autoimmune goiter (6). Autoimmunity could be induced by iodine itself in patients, which is evident in animal studies also (3). Evidence shows iodine supplementation in iodine deficient areas increases prevalence of lymphocytic infiltration in thyroid by three-fold; with 40% increase in prevalence of serum antithyroid antibodies over 0.5-5 years (7).
Considerable lacunae in knowledge remain in clinical assessment of thyroid lesions by means of physical examination, thyroid scan, and Ultrasonography (USG). FNAC considered the most cost-effective, safe, and initial diagnostic test in evaluation of thyroid lesions. An adequate thyroid aspirate is necessary for the interpretation of FNAC. FNAC primarily helps selecting patients who require surgery for a neoplastic disorder from functional or inflammatory abnormality and who can be followed-up clinically or treated medically (8). FNAC is extremely useful in diagnosis and monitoring of AITD lesions, especially in clinically equivocal cases and in cases with normal or marginally abnormal biochemical and immunological parameters (9). Biochemical test like Thyroid Function Test (TFT), anti TPO and anti-Thyroglobulin (TG) antibodies helps further in pinpointing the diagnosis. FNAC being the accurate diagnostic test in thyroid lesion also has certain limitations and diagnostic difficulties. The limitations are false negative and false positive results and a number of FNAC results that are not obviously benign or malignant and fall into the indeterminate or suspicious group (10). The reported pitfalls are associated with specimen adequacy, sampling techniques, the skill of the physician performing the aspiration, the experience of the pathologist interpreting the aspirated material and the overlying cytological characteristics between some benign and malignant thyroid lesions (11).
The accuracy of cytological evaluation of thyroid lesion is mainly depends on the adequacy of aspirated material. Various radiological guidance mainly USG can be used to increase adequacy of material as well as the accuracy of diagnosis as it is one of the major causes of misdiagnosis. USG is safe and less expensive than other methods of guidance. It not only helps in accurate localisation of needle tip but also identify the preferable solid area in a predominantly cystic thyroid lesion (12). There is lack of convincing data regarding AITD in tribal populations in rural Bengal, we found no such study after extensive literature search.
In present study, the FNA of thyroid lesions had been studied in respect to AITD among the tribal populations with biochemical and immunological association.
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Material and Methods |
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The prospective observational study was conducted for the time period of 23 months (January 2017 to December 2018), 18 months for data collection and five months for calculations, in Department of Cytopathology and Biochemistry of Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital (BSMCH), West Bengal, India. After Institutional Ethical Committee approval (BSMC/Aca/3860).
Inclusion criteria: Patients coming for thyroid FNAC for palpable thyroid gland or very small, impalpable thyroid nodule or radiologically confirmed thyroid nodule, who are willing to undergo USG guided FNAC in the Department of Cytopathology, during the time period of the study, were included in this study.
Exclusion criteria: The subjects receiving either thyroxine or any other drug known to interfere with thyroid function at the time of evaluation, old cases of AITD or any other additional lesions observed in association with AITD diagnosed on cytology and patients without written consent were excluded from this study.
Study Procedure
Consecutive sampling method was used, 927 patients presented with thyroid swelling. Among them 120 patients were diagnosed as AITD. Patients attending Cytopathology Department for FNAC of thyroid lesion were approached. Plan of the study was explained in local language. All the patients giving written consent underwent conventional or USG guided FNAC. The estimation of serum TFT was done for all. Immunological tests were done in correlation with cytology to establish the diagnosis of AITD.
Statistical Analysis
Data has been analysed in Microsoft Excel 2013 and with the help of SPSS version 17. Charts and diagrams have been prepared using Microsoft Excel 2013. Sensitivity and specificity have been checked for the investigations done in this study population by using contingency table (2*2), where applicable. Agreement measure has been calculated using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient statistical test. The kappa values for FNAC vs both anti-TG and anti-TPO denoting substantial agreement were considered as 0.61-0.82 (13).
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Results |
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In the present study, among 927 subjects, total 432 (46.6%) patients were diagnosed as colloid goitre, adenomatoid goitre was present in 132 (14.2%), malignancy was suspected in 84 (9%) patients, malignancy was present in 159 (17.15%) patients and lastly 120 (12.9%) patients were diagnosed as AITD, female population 102 (85%) were majority (Table/Fig 1). The age wise sex distribution (Table/Fig 2) revealed young and middle-aged females were predominant among study population. The ethnic distribution revealed 71% of total study population were from tribal origin (n=658). Physical examination revealed 862 patients (93%) presented with diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland, which was noted on physical examination and rest 65 (7%) patients had nodular thyroid swelling.
For most patients, (92%) conventional FNAC (n=853) was sufficient very few patients 74 (8%) needed USG guidance for diagnosis.
Among 120 cases of cytologically diagnosed AITD, 113 (94%) cases were true positive (biochemically proved).
Smears made from aspirated material showed destruction of thyroid follicles by the lymphocytic infiltrations (Table/Fig 3). Sometimes there was also presence of plasma cell along with lymphocytes. Presence of hurthle cell directed the diagnosis to Hashimoto Thyroiditis (HT) (Table/Fig 4).
Among the true positive cases i.e., 113 patients of AITD, maximum 67 (59.3%)%) patients presented with hypothyroidism (Table/Fig 5).
Now coming to biochemical parameters, all the cytologically diagnosed cases of AITD i.e., among 120 cases, 104 (87%) patients showed antithyroglobulin (Anti-TG) positivity and 113 (94%) patients were positive for anti-TPO.
The kappa values for FNAC vs Anti-TG and FNAC vs anti-TPO has been analysed [Table/Fig-(6),(7), which came to 0.74 for both, (p-value <0.0001), denoting substantial agreement.
Statistical analysis showed that the false positive rate was 6% and false negative rate was 19%. The sensitivity and specificity were 81% and 94%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 94% and negative predictive value was 80%. Accuracy of FNAC in diagnosis of AITD was 87%.
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Discussion |
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Fine needle aspiration cytology is firmly established as the first line diagnostic test for the evaluation of thyroid lesions and classify and subclassify them (9),(14). USG findings in combination with FNAC of the lesion can increase the accuracy of results almost at par with histology, as claimed by different researchers (15). In this study, the cytological diagnosis of AITD was correlated withtheir immunological status. A descriptive analysis of the data of the patients was included in the study.
The exact incidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is unknown, may be around 0.3-1.5 cases/1000 population per year. It is around 15-20 times more commonly seen in women as compared to men,especially around 30-50 years of age. It can be seen in any age group, including children (16). Most patients in present study with HT were female and belonged to the 30-39 years age group. Thomas T et al., Bhatia A et al. and Shetty A, also concluded same gender ratio with majority of patients were in 3rd and/or 4th decades (17),(18),(19); But differences in disease distribution in specific age group has also been demonstrated in USA and Japan, that is in elderly individuals (20),(21),(22).
In this study, 93% of patients with AITD were having diffuse thyroid swelling, while only 8% patients presented with nodular enlargement. A study done by Thomas T et al., showed that among 100 cases of goitrous AITD, 68 patients presented with diffuse enlargement (17). Mehanathan PB et al., in their study found out 47.9% having multinodular thyroid and 37.5% showed diffuse form both of which were histologically similar (23). Shetty A, found out diffuse thyroid swelling in 77.4% and nodular thyroid swelling in 22.6% cases among 58 patients (19). Iha et al., in their study showed diffuse swelling in 87% cases and nodular swelling in 12.9% cases (24).
A AITD is clinically characterised by an initial transient phase of hyperthyroidism followed by a chronic phase of hypothyroidism. Depending on the stage of the disease, the patients presented with features of hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Clinical presentation, hormonal status, and antithyroid antibody values might vary depending on the stage of the disease. Most patients in this study were hypothyroid and only 8.57% patients showed features of hyperthyroidism. These results were like previous studies from India and abroad (17),(18),(19),(22),(24),(25),(26).
The diagnosis of AITD is established by correlating clinical findings with cytological and serologic test results. In some cases, the authors found out the predominance of plasma cell which is like other study done by Anila KR et al., (22). TPO, a transmembrane protein, synthesises thyroid hormones. Thyroid microsomal antibodies i.e., anti-TPO antibody is a thyroid autoantibody targeting TPOs (27).
Anti-thyroglobulin and anti-TPO levels were significantly higher in the AITD goiter group; however, anti-TPO is increased in greater number of cases in comparison to anti-thyroglobulin. Measuring circulating antibodies to thyroglobulin to detect autoimmune thyroid disease is uncommon than measurement of anti-TPO, that gives reliable information about autoimmune thyroid disease (19),(24),(26),(28),(29),(30). Antibody profiling was done in 27% patients in this study, 94% of them were anti-TPO positive and 87% were anti-TG positive. This is in concordance with the fact that TPO Ab is more specific than TG Ab. Comparison with similar studies depicted in (Table/Fig 8). However, sero-negative cases of HT can be explained based on localised antibody production by intrathyroidal lymphocytes (29).
Limitation(s)
The limitations of this study were poor generalisability, lack of followup and exclusion of patients presented with AITD along with any neoplastic lesion. Due to the special demographic distribution, resulted in only inclusion of tribal population-hence decreasing the result's generalisation. We failed to detect any neoplastic transformation in AITD patients too.
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Conclusion |
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To conclude, FNA cytology turned out to be a sensitive, specific, and accurate initial diagnostic test for evaluation of patients with thyroid swellings in this study. Minute search for various cytological features and accurate sampling can help in reducing the number of indeterminate, false-positive, and false-negative diagnoses. However, in difficult situations, an integrated approach will reduce potential pitfalls. In addition, US-FNA is an effective method for diagnosis of sub-centimeter nodules with a low non diagnostic rate in present study, when experienced operators and standard cytological preparation and evaluation were assumed. The most common circulating autoantibodies found to be anti-TPO and anti-TG, among them anti-TPO came out to be more specific than anti-TG in the diagnosis.
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TABLES AND FIGURES | |
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